Volume I Expanded Endnotes
Introduction
The expanded endnotes are published for the benefit of the readers of Before Bedwyn. Please note that this volume contains a glossary which explains the abbreviated references to publications. No glossary is published on this website.
Chapter 1: Bedwyn Historians
1. The Origins and Development of the Small Town of Cunetio, Mildenhall, Wiltshire by Mark Corney, Britannia, Volume 28 1997 P337 - 350; see also Time Team at Cunetio 2013, Channel 4, with Mark Corney and Stewart Ainsworth.
The Romano-British Villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn edited by Eric Hostetter 1997.
Air Reconnaissance of Southern Britain by JK St. Joseph. J.R.S. xliii 1953 P81 - 97.
2. Savernake Forest A Report for the National Mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden 2009. Forest Hill Oppidum.
Handbook to life in ancient Rome By Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins. Oxford University Press US, 1998. WANHM 2010 Hugh Tolley Roman Road.
3. Roman Roads in Britain by Thomas Coddrington 1905. George Knowles owned Conholt House from 1897 - 1904.
SMR Wiltshire SU35SW301 Conholt Park, Roman Road and Beacon.
tinerarium Provinciarum Antonni Augusti. A late 4th century document which recorded 225 routes in the Roman Empire, including the roads from Silchester and Sarum to Cunetio.
4. Early boundaries in Wessex by Desmond Bonney, Archaeology and the Landscape, 1972, P168 - 86.
WANHM The Anglo-Saxon Bounds of Bedwyn and Burbage by OGS Crawford, 1921, Volume 41 P281 - 301.
5. VCH Forests Mill road so named in thirteenth century in description of bounds of Le Broyle. The name may have been a reference to a mediaeval windmill at Marten.
6. Archaeologia, or, Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity, Volume 1 P58 1779. Letter from William Stukely to Mr Gale November 10 1735.
7. Sawyer S264: Cynewulf, king of the Saxons, to Bica, comes and minister; grant of 13 hides at Little Bedwyn, 778 AD.
WANHM The Anglo-Saxon Bounds of Bedwyn and Burbage by OGS Crawford, 1921, Volume 41 P281 - 301.
8. VCH Savernake. Forest road.
9. WANHM Royal Itineraries and Medieval Routes by Norman Hidden Volume 89 1996.
10. And So To Bath Chapter XVII Ramsbury Narrow way by Cecil Roberts 1940.
11. Turnpike Roads around Reading by Alan Rosevear 2004.
12. The Romano-British Villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn edited by Eric Hostetter 1997.
13. WANHM The history of Great Bedwyn by John Ward, 1860 Volume 6, P261 - 316.
14. WANHM A Romano-British pottery in Savernake Forest, kilns 1–2 by FK Annable, 1962, Volume 58, P143 - 55.
Oare reconsidered and the origins of Savernake ware in Wiltshire by VG Swan, 1975, Britannia 6, P36 - 61.
15. Savernake Forest A Report for the National Mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden 2009. Many of the kiln sites are believed to have pre-Roman conquest origins, and it is unlikely that the market would have developed so widely and rapidly without being already being established in the late Iron Age. P28 Postern Hill Villa.
16. WANHM The distribution of Savernake ware by Ian Hodder 1974 Volume 69, P67 - 84. Several centres of production, that is to say Lydiard Tregose, Wilcot, Pewsey, Milton Lilbonne, and Oare also produced Savernake ware. But Cunetio probably was the main distribution centre.
17. VCH Great Bedwyn. Dodsdown Tramway 1902 - 1910 Bricks transported from Dodsdown Brickworks to Grafton station by tram and forwarded by rail to Tidworth garrison.
18. The family memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley, and the antiquarian and other correspondence of William Stukeley by Roger & Samuel Gale, 1882. Letter to Robert Gale July 22 1723.
19. WANHM: A Roman Crossbow found at Southgrove Farm by EH Goddard 1895 Volume XXVIII P87 - 90.
20. SMR Wiltshire MWI18677 - SU26NE303 Rudge Coppice Villa.
VCH Froxfield Parish, Rudge Cup at Manor Farm. See also Archaeologia Vol 8, P98.
SMR Wiltshire MWI18678 - SU26NE304 villa site near Harrow farm.
WANHM A Gold Finger Ring from the Rudge Romano-British Villa site, Froxfield Wiltshire by Bernard Phillips and Martin Henig Volume 93 2000 P240.
21. SMR Wiltshire MWI19752 - SU27SE300 Littlecote Roman Villa.
22. The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England by Della Hooke 1998.
The towns of Wiltshire, in Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England edited by Jeremy Haslam Phillimore 1984 P87 - 148.
23. Wansdyke Reconsidered by A Fox & C Fox. 1960. Archaeological Journal 115, P1 - 48.
24. Roman Wiltshire and after, Papers in Honour of Ken Annable 2001. Wansdyke in the Woods: An Unfinished Roman Military Earthwork for a Non-event by Peter Fowler, P179-198.
Landscape, Settlement and Society in Roman and Early Medieval Wiltshire, British Archaeological Reports, British Series 419, 2006. by Simon Draper.
Chapter 2: Bedwyn Geology
1. Hidden Depths Wiltshire's Geology and Landscapes by Isobel Geddes. 2000 Ex Libris Press.
The Geology of the Country around Hungerford and Newbury by Harold J. Osborne White, 1907.
The Geology of the Country around Andover by A.J. Jukes-Browne 1891.
2. Sawyer S756 Charter 968 AD. King Edgar to Abingdon Abbey; grant of 72 hides or cassati at Bedwyn.
Harold J. Osborne White.
The geology of the country around Andover by Alfred John Jukes-Browne 1908.
3. WANHM Notes on the Remains of a Plesiosaurus from Savernake by Thomas Codrington. Volume 35 P170. 1907 - 1908. On the presence of the pebbles, the author believed that pleiosaurs had no crushing teeth, and swallowed pebbles to break up and crush food.
4. Wilton reservoir springs: Alfred John Jukes-Browne.
5. Wilton placename: Alfred John Jukes-Browne.
6. The physical properties of major aquifers in England and Wales Hydrogeology Group Technical Report WD/97/34 Environment Agency R&D Publication 8 Environment Agency. A series of such swallow holes have been identified at Little Bedwyn [SU 306 650]. During the summer months of 1994, a surface stream on the Eocene deposits disappeared through the stream bed at several locations, associated with tree roots. During January 1995, after a prolonged period of heavy rainfall, sufficient water was passing through the system to activate swallow holes further downstream. In a neighbouring system the entire stream was captured by one large swallow hole. The importance of such rapid recharge should not be underestimated when considering contamination within the Kennet Valley. Features are common where the Chalk is covered by Eocene deposits or clay-with-flints.
Stype, Harold J. Osborne White.
Sawyer S264 Charter 778 AD.
Sawyer S756 Charter 968 AD.
Sawyer S379 Charter 921 AD.
7. Saxon charter evidence reveals a crundle in the environs of Fairmile, but the site is elusive to modern eyes. An alternative interpretation of crundle is quarry, chalkpit, or gulley, and this crundle may indeed be a quarry.
8. F.H. Baring 1909 The English Historical Review Volume 24, P300 - 303.
The Geology of the Country around Andover by AJ Jukes-Browne 1891.
9. The meaning of the Burbage place name is discussed in The Origins of Bedwyn II: Bedwyn Bounds.
10. Large areas of heathland have been claimed for agriculture since the Tudor period. A small surviving area of heathland is protected at Snelsmore common, near Newbury.
Savernake Plateau gravel, The Natural History of Wiltshire by John Aubrey 1626 - 1697.
11. Beyond the Burghal Hidage: Anglo-Saxon Civil Defence in the Viking Age by John Baker and Stuart Brookes. 2013. The authors summarise the debate surrounding the interpretation of Chisbury placename: Old English personal name Cissa, or Cisse gravel, or gravelly feature.
A linguistic analysis of the place-names of the Burghal Hidage, in D. Hill and A. Rumble, The Defence of Wessex, Manchester University Press. See J. Dodgson 1996.
12. Journal of the Anthropological Institution, vol. xxi. 1901, P310 - 315. Discovery of tools of many types recorded by E. Willett.
The Natural History of Wiltshire by John Aubrey 1626 - 1697. “The forest of Savernake is of great note for plenty of game, and for a kind of ferne there that yieldeth a most pleasant savour. This ferne is mentioned by Dr. Peter Heylin in his Church History, in the Pedegre of Seymour. The vicar of Great Bedwin told me that he hath seen and smelt the ferne, and that it is like other ferne, but not so big. He knowes not where it growes, but promised to make enquirie. Now Mr. Perkins sayes that this is sweet cis, and that it is also found in the New Forest; but me thinkes the word Savernake seems to be a sweet- oke-ferne: - oke, is oake; verne is ferne; perhaps sa, or sav, is sweet or savorous “.
Note on the Palaeolithic Gravel of Savernake Forest, Wiltshire. by Clement Reid. 1903 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Volume 3 P55-57.
Solent Thames Research Framework Resource Assessment The Lower/Middle Paleolithic Period by Francis Wenban-Smith, with David Bridgland and Kate Cramp April 2010.
13. On The Sarsen Stones of Berkshire and Wiltshire by the Reverend John Adams. Geological Magazine Geological Magazine 1873 P98 - 202.
14. Imperial College London. Geology and Soils by Michael J Crawley Imperial College London 2007.
15. Reading the Landscape by Richard Muir. 1981. Shell Books.
Chapter 3: The Truest Children of the Chalk
1. Paleolithic items from Knowle Farm in the Ashmolean Collections, Oxford, presented by AD Passmore (1877 - 1958).
The geology of the country around Hungerford and Newbury by Harold J. Osborne White, 1907.
Local Paleolithic Sites: SMR SU26SW001; SMR SU26SEU09; SMR SU26SEU08; SMR SU26NE003; SMR SU26NW001.
2. Local Mesolithic sites: SMR SU26SW051; SMR SU26SE052; SMR SU26SEU01; SMR SU26SE050; SMR SU26SE051; SMR SU26SE053; SMR SU26SEU01SMR SU26NEU03.
3. Neolithic sites: SMR SU26SW100; SMR SU26SWU01; SMR SU25NE051; SMR SU25NE119; SMR SU25NE120; SMR SU26SE100; SMR SU25NE113; SMR SU25NE114; SMR SU25NE121; SMR SU26SE106; SMR SU25NW101; SMR SU25NE129; SMR SU25NE117; SMR SU25NE118; SMR SU25NE122; SMR SU25NE130; SMRSU25NE128.
4. English Downland by HJ Massingham 1936 Batsford; People of the British Isles project. Sir Walter Bodmer. Hertford College Oxford University; Sir Walter Bodmer's Journey Horizon Channel 4 1994.
5. Sawyer S264 : Cynewulf, king of the Saxons, to Bica, comes and minister; grant of 13 hides at Little Bedwyn, Wilts 788AD.
English Downland by H J Massingham: 1936 Batsford P59: Tow barrow was damaged, allegedly by villagers in mid 18th cenury, searching for grave goods.
J Chandler: Marlborough and Eastern (2001 Wiltshire Hobnob Press). Of Tidcombe barrow, he states: 'the villagers dug a skeleton in 1750. But the vicar, who was apparently paying for the work, called off the excavation because of the expense’; SMR Tow Barrow SU25NE101.
6. Botley Copse Long Barrow; Ring Ditch. According to the English Heritage thesaurus, ring ditches may be the remains of ploughed out round barrows, round houses, or of modern features such as searchlight emplacements. There are searchlight emplacements outside Bedwyn at Rudge.
7. WANHM Causewayed Enclosure at Great Crofton by Roger Palmer 1975 - 6 P124 - 125.
NMR UID 1031054.
8. WANHM Excavation at Crofton causewayed Enclosure by Sue Lobb Volume 88 1995.
9. Savernake Forest A report for the National mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small & Mark Bowden. English Heritage 2009; Causewayed Camps by R.J. Mercer Shire Books.
10. Tor Mead excavation by O Meyrick Marlborough College Natural History Society 1956.
11. The Archaeology of Wiltshire’s Towns An Extensive Urban Survey Great Bedwyn by Phil McMahon Wiltshire County Archaeology Service. August 2004.
12. Wexcombe Down barrow groups. Various excavations in summer of 1914, by OGS Crawford, and E.A. Hooton of Harvard University. The latter removed finds to USA, but little was written up due to outbreak of war.
Nature October 7 1915 A Weekly illustrated Journal of Science: “Dr. E. A. Hooton . . turned his attention to Wexcombe Down, overlooking Salisbury Plain, where nine barrows were opened containing incinerated remains, Bronze Age potsherds, and surface finds of late Celtic and Roman pottery. One large cinerary urn and one La Tene III bronze fibula were found”.
13. WANHM List of Prehistoric, Roman, and Pagan Saxon Antiquities by Reverend E. H. Goddard. Volume XXXVIII 1914 P260. Group of 4 barrows: Barrow with ditch; Disc barrow partially destroyed; Two disc barrows interlinked on boundary, excavated by OGS Crawford in 1913.
14. The Knowle farm barrrows, actually located east of the Golden Arrow cafe, may have have been used to describe the bounds of Bedwyn in 778; Nature October 7 1915 A Weekly illustrated Journal of Science: “Dr. E. A. Hooton . . from Knowle Pit, Savernake, a series of River-drift implements was obtained”.
15. SMR SU26SE153 A Bronze Age collared urn and an incense cup. Batt’s meadow barrow.
16. Botley Copse ring ditch; SMR SU26SE600 Bowl barrow with a cremation excavated by OGS Crawford and HJE Peake in 1910.
17. Botley Copse tumulus complex; SMR SU26SE601 A disc barrow with a primary cremation, a bronze awl and rivet at Great Botley Copse. A intrusive Saxon burial with a spearhead and a buckle.
18. Wexcombe Down linear earthworks; WANHM List of Prehistoric, Roman, and Pagan Saxon Antiquities by Reverend EH Goddard. Volume XXXVIII 1914 P260.
Chapter 4: Chisbury Camp
1. Iron Age by Amanda Chadburn and Mark Corney, Avebury Archaeological; Historical Research Group (AAHRG) February 2001; The Oxford University Celtic Coin Index, 1960, Professor Sheppard Frere and Derek Allen.
2. The Origins and Development of the Small Town of Cunetio, Mildenhall, Wiltshire by Mark Corney, Britannia, Volume 28 1997 P337-350;
Marlborough and Eastern Wiltshire Hobnob Press, 2001 by John Chandler.
3. The Romano-British villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn by Hostetter, Howe and Allison. 1986.
4. Bedwyn Dyke The origins of the Bedwyn dyke are unknown. It is believed by some to be post Roman or Saxon, by others to belong to the Iron Age. Any relationship with the Wansdyke appears to date to be based on extremely slender evidence and much wishful thinking.
5. D.H. Bonney.
6. Hostetter.
7. Botley Copse. The coins have been attributed to reign of Emperor Valens 328 - 378.
8. Durley is an early thirteenth century assart brought into cultivation by the Esturmy wardens, and merged with the manor of Burbage Esturmy.
9. Savernake Forest A report for the National mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden. English Heritage 2009.
10. The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England by Della Hooke 1998; Fairmile Clumps field systems SU25NE634 Located from Fairmile Clumps to Scotspoor Wood. An excavation by P Rhodes in 1952 showed the field system to be later than barrows SU25NE619 620 and earlier than ditch 628.
11. Savernake Forest A report for the National mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden. English Heritage 2009.
12. Savernake Forest A report for the National mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden. English Heritage 2009. Forest Hill oppidum; Marlborough bucket. A burial dated to La Tene III period, a bronze bound wooden bucket discovered in 1807.
Chapter 5: Two Roman Roads
1. The Origins and Development of the Small Town of Cunetio, Mildenhall, Wiltshire by Mark Corney, Britannia, Volume 28 1997 P337 - 350; see also Time Team at Cunetio 2013, Channel 4, with Mark Corney and Stewart Ainsworth.
The Romano-British Villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn edited by Eric Hostetter 1997.
Air Reconnaissance of Southern Britain by JK St. Joseph. J.R.S. xliii 1953 P81 - 97.
2. Savernake Forest A Report for the National Mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden 2009. Forest Hill Oppidum.
Handbook to life in ancient Rome By Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins. Oxford University Press US, 1998. WANHM 2010 Hugh Tolley Roman Road.
3. Roman Roads in Britain by Thomas Coddrington 1905. George Knowles owned Conholt House from 1897 - 1904.
SMR Wiltshire SU35SW301 Conholt Park, Roman Road and Beacon; Itinerarium Provinciarum Antonni Augusti. A late 4th century document which recorded 225 routes in the Roman Empire, including the roads from Silchester and Sarum to Cunetio.
4. Early boundaries in Wessex by Desmond Bonney, Archaeology and the Landscape, 1972, P168 - 186;
WANHM The Anglo-Saxon Bounds of Bedwyn and Burbage by OGS Crawford, 1921, Volume 41 P281 - 301.
5. VCH Forests Mill road so named in thirteenth century in description of bounds of Le Broyle. The name may have been a reference to a mediaeval windmill at Marten.
6. Archaeologia, or, Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity, Volume 1 P58 1779. Letter from William Stukely to Mr Gale November 10 1735.
7. Sawyer S264: Cynewulf, king of the Saxons, to Bica, comes and minister; grant of 13 hides at Little Bedwyn, 778AD.
WANHM The Anglo-Saxon Bounds of Bedwyn and Burbage by OGS Crawford, 1921, Volume 41 P281 - 301.
8. VCH Savernake. Forest road.
9. WANHM Royal Itineraries and Medieval Routes by Norman Hidden Volume 89 1996.
10. And So To Bath Chapter XVII Ramsbury Narrow way by Cecil Roberts 1940.
11. Turnpike Roads around Reading by Alan Rosevear 2004.
12. The Romano-British Villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn edited by Eric Hostetter 1997.
13. WANHM The history of Great Bedwyn by John Ward, 1860 Volume 6, P261 - 316.
14. WANHM A Romano-British pottery in Savernake Forest, kilns 1 - 2 by FK Annable, 1962, Volume 58, P143 - 55.
Oare reconsidered and the origins of Savernake ware in Wiltshire by VG Swan, 1975, Britannia 6, P36 - 61.
15. Savernake Forest A Report for the National Mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden 2009. Many of the kiln sites are believed to have pre-Roman conquest origins, and it is unlikely that the market would have developed so widely and rapidly without being already being established in the late Iron Age. P28 Postern Hill Villa.
16. WANHM The distribution of Savernake ware by Ian Hodder 1974 Volume 69, P67–84; Several centres of production, that is to say Lydiard Tregose, Wilcot, Pewsey, Milton Lilbonne, and Oare also produced Savernake ware. But Cunetio probably was the main distribution centre.
17. VCH Great Bedwyn. Dodsdown Tramway 1902 - 1910 Bricks transported from Dodsdown Brickworks to Grafton station by tram and forwarded by rail to Tidworth garrison.
18. The family memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley, and the antiquarian and other correspondence of William Stukeley by Roger & Samuel Gale, 1882. Letter to Robert Gale July 22 1723.
19. WANHM: A Roman Crossbow found at Southgrove Farm by EH Goddard 1895 Volume XXVIII P87 - 90.
20. SMR Wiltshire MWI18677 - SU26NE303 Rudge Coppice Villa.
VCH Froxfield Parish, Rudge Cup at Manor Farm. See also Archaeologia Vol 8, P98.
SMR Wiltshire MWI18678 - SU26NE304 villa site near Harrow farm.
WANHM A Gold Finger Ring from the Rudge Romano-British Villa site, Froxfield Wiltshire by Bernard Phillips and Martin Henig Volume 93 2000 P240.
21. SMR Wiltshire MWI19752 - SU27SE300 Littlecote Roman Villa.
22. The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England by Della Hooke 1998.
The towns of Wiltshire, in Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England edited by Jeremy Haslam Phillimore 1984 P87 - 148.
23. Wansdyke Reconsidered by A Fox & C Fox. 1960. Archaeological Journal 115, P1 - 48.
24. Roman Wiltshire and after, Papers in Honour of Ken Annable 2001. Wansdyke in the Woods: An Unfinished Roman Military Earthwork for a Non-event by Peter Fowler, P179-198.
Landscape, Settlement and Society in Roman and Early Medieval Wiltshire, British Archaeological Reports, British Series 419, 2006. by Simon Draper.
The expanded endnotes are published for the benefit of the readers of Before Bedwyn. Please note that this volume contains a glossary which explains the abbreviated references to publications. No glossary is published on this website.
Chapter 1: Bedwyn Historians
1. The Origins and Development of the Small Town of Cunetio, Mildenhall, Wiltshire by Mark Corney, Britannia, Volume 28 1997 P337 - 350; see also Time Team at Cunetio 2013, Channel 4, with Mark Corney and Stewart Ainsworth.
The Romano-British Villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn edited by Eric Hostetter 1997.
Air Reconnaissance of Southern Britain by JK St. Joseph. J.R.S. xliii 1953 P81 - 97.
2. Savernake Forest A Report for the National Mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden 2009. Forest Hill Oppidum.
Handbook to life in ancient Rome By Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins. Oxford University Press US, 1998. WANHM 2010 Hugh Tolley Roman Road.
3. Roman Roads in Britain by Thomas Coddrington 1905. George Knowles owned Conholt House from 1897 - 1904.
SMR Wiltshire SU35SW301 Conholt Park, Roman Road and Beacon.
tinerarium Provinciarum Antonni Augusti. A late 4th century document which recorded 225 routes in the Roman Empire, including the roads from Silchester and Sarum to Cunetio.
4. Early boundaries in Wessex by Desmond Bonney, Archaeology and the Landscape, 1972, P168 - 86.
WANHM The Anglo-Saxon Bounds of Bedwyn and Burbage by OGS Crawford, 1921, Volume 41 P281 - 301.
5. VCH Forests Mill road so named in thirteenth century in description of bounds of Le Broyle. The name may have been a reference to a mediaeval windmill at Marten.
6. Archaeologia, or, Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity, Volume 1 P58 1779. Letter from William Stukely to Mr Gale November 10 1735.
7. Sawyer S264: Cynewulf, king of the Saxons, to Bica, comes and minister; grant of 13 hides at Little Bedwyn, 778 AD.
WANHM The Anglo-Saxon Bounds of Bedwyn and Burbage by OGS Crawford, 1921, Volume 41 P281 - 301.
8. VCH Savernake. Forest road.
9. WANHM Royal Itineraries and Medieval Routes by Norman Hidden Volume 89 1996.
10. And So To Bath Chapter XVII Ramsbury Narrow way by Cecil Roberts 1940.
11. Turnpike Roads around Reading by Alan Rosevear 2004.
12. The Romano-British Villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn edited by Eric Hostetter 1997.
13. WANHM The history of Great Bedwyn by John Ward, 1860 Volume 6, P261 - 316.
14. WANHM A Romano-British pottery in Savernake Forest, kilns 1–2 by FK Annable, 1962, Volume 58, P143 - 55.
Oare reconsidered and the origins of Savernake ware in Wiltshire by VG Swan, 1975, Britannia 6, P36 - 61.
15. Savernake Forest A Report for the National Mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden 2009. Many of the kiln sites are believed to have pre-Roman conquest origins, and it is unlikely that the market would have developed so widely and rapidly without being already being established in the late Iron Age. P28 Postern Hill Villa.
16. WANHM The distribution of Savernake ware by Ian Hodder 1974 Volume 69, P67 - 84. Several centres of production, that is to say Lydiard Tregose, Wilcot, Pewsey, Milton Lilbonne, and Oare also produced Savernake ware. But Cunetio probably was the main distribution centre.
17. VCH Great Bedwyn. Dodsdown Tramway 1902 - 1910 Bricks transported from Dodsdown Brickworks to Grafton station by tram and forwarded by rail to Tidworth garrison.
18. The family memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley, and the antiquarian and other correspondence of William Stukeley by Roger & Samuel Gale, 1882. Letter to Robert Gale July 22 1723.
19. WANHM: A Roman Crossbow found at Southgrove Farm by EH Goddard 1895 Volume XXVIII P87 - 90.
20. SMR Wiltshire MWI18677 - SU26NE303 Rudge Coppice Villa.
VCH Froxfield Parish, Rudge Cup at Manor Farm. See also Archaeologia Vol 8, P98.
SMR Wiltshire MWI18678 - SU26NE304 villa site near Harrow farm.
WANHM A Gold Finger Ring from the Rudge Romano-British Villa site, Froxfield Wiltshire by Bernard Phillips and Martin Henig Volume 93 2000 P240.
21. SMR Wiltshire MWI19752 - SU27SE300 Littlecote Roman Villa.
22. The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England by Della Hooke 1998.
The towns of Wiltshire, in Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England edited by Jeremy Haslam Phillimore 1984 P87 - 148.
23. Wansdyke Reconsidered by A Fox & C Fox. 1960. Archaeological Journal 115, P1 - 48.
24. Roman Wiltshire and after, Papers in Honour of Ken Annable 2001. Wansdyke in the Woods: An Unfinished Roman Military Earthwork for a Non-event by Peter Fowler, P179-198.
Landscape, Settlement and Society in Roman and Early Medieval Wiltshire, British Archaeological Reports, British Series 419, 2006. by Simon Draper.
Chapter 2: Bedwyn Geology
1. Hidden Depths Wiltshire's Geology and Landscapes by Isobel Geddes. 2000 Ex Libris Press.
The Geology of the Country around Hungerford and Newbury by Harold J. Osborne White, 1907.
The Geology of the Country around Andover by A.J. Jukes-Browne 1891.
2. Sawyer S756 Charter 968 AD. King Edgar to Abingdon Abbey; grant of 72 hides or cassati at Bedwyn.
Harold J. Osborne White.
The geology of the country around Andover by Alfred John Jukes-Browne 1908.
3. WANHM Notes on the Remains of a Plesiosaurus from Savernake by Thomas Codrington. Volume 35 P170. 1907 - 1908. On the presence of the pebbles, the author believed that pleiosaurs had no crushing teeth, and swallowed pebbles to break up and crush food.
4. Wilton reservoir springs: Alfred John Jukes-Browne.
5. Wilton placename: Alfred John Jukes-Browne.
6. The physical properties of major aquifers in England and Wales Hydrogeology Group Technical Report WD/97/34 Environment Agency R&D Publication 8 Environment Agency. A series of such swallow holes have been identified at Little Bedwyn [SU 306 650]. During the summer months of 1994, a surface stream on the Eocene deposits disappeared through the stream bed at several locations, associated with tree roots. During January 1995, after a prolonged period of heavy rainfall, sufficient water was passing through the system to activate swallow holes further downstream. In a neighbouring system the entire stream was captured by one large swallow hole. The importance of such rapid recharge should not be underestimated when considering contamination within the Kennet Valley. Features are common where the Chalk is covered by Eocene deposits or clay-with-flints.
Stype, Harold J. Osborne White.
Sawyer S264 Charter 778 AD.
Sawyer S756 Charter 968 AD.
Sawyer S379 Charter 921 AD.
7. Saxon charter evidence reveals a crundle in the environs of Fairmile, but the site is elusive to modern eyes. An alternative interpretation of crundle is quarry, chalkpit, or gulley, and this crundle may indeed be a quarry.
8. F.H. Baring 1909 The English Historical Review Volume 24, P300 - 303.
The Geology of the Country around Andover by AJ Jukes-Browne 1891.
9. The meaning of the Burbage place name is discussed in The Origins of Bedwyn II: Bedwyn Bounds.
10. Large areas of heathland have been claimed for agriculture since the Tudor period. A small surviving area of heathland is protected at Snelsmore common, near Newbury.
Savernake Plateau gravel, The Natural History of Wiltshire by John Aubrey 1626 - 1697.
11. Beyond the Burghal Hidage: Anglo-Saxon Civil Defence in the Viking Age by John Baker and Stuart Brookes. 2013. The authors summarise the debate surrounding the interpretation of Chisbury placename: Old English personal name Cissa, or Cisse gravel, or gravelly feature.
A linguistic analysis of the place-names of the Burghal Hidage, in D. Hill and A. Rumble, The Defence of Wessex, Manchester University Press. See J. Dodgson 1996.
12. Journal of the Anthropological Institution, vol. xxi. 1901, P310 - 315. Discovery of tools of many types recorded by E. Willett.
The Natural History of Wiltshire by John Aubrey 1626 - 1697. “The forest of Savernake is of great note for plenty of game, and for a kind of ferne there that yieldeth a most pleasant savour. This ferne is mentioned by Dr. Peter Heylin in his Church History, in the Pedegre of Seymour. The vicar of Great Bedwin told me that he hath seen and smelt the ferne, and that it is like other ferne, but not so big. He knowes not where it growes, but promised to make enquirie. Now Mr. Perkins sayes that this is sweet cis, and that it is also found in the New Forest; but me thinkes the word Savernake seems to be a sweet- oke-ferne: - oke, is oake; verne is ferne; perhaps sa, or sav, is sweet or savorous “.
Note on the Palaeolithic Gravel of Savernake Forest, Wiltshire. by Clement Reid. 1903 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Volume 3 P55-57.
Solent Thames Research Framework Resource Assessment The Lower/Middle Paleolithic Period by Francis Wenban-Smith, with David Bridgland and Kate Cramp April 2010.
13. On The Sarsen Stones of Berkshire and Wiltshire by the Reverend John Adams. Geological Magazine Geological Magazine 1873 P98 - 202.
14. Imperial College London. Geology and Soils by Michael J Crawley Imperial College London 2007.
15. Reading the Landscape by Richard Muir. 1981. Shell Books.
Chapter 3: The Truest Children of the Chalk
1. Paleolithic items from Knowle Farm in the Ashmolean Collections, Oxford, presented by AD Passmore (1877 - 1958).
The geology of the country around Hungerford and Newbury by Harold J. Osborne White, 1907.
Local Paleolithic Sites: SMR SU26SW001; SMR SU26SEU09; SMR SU26SEU08; SMR SU26NE003; SMR SU26NW001.
2. Local Mesolithic sites: SMR SU26SW051; SMR SU26SE052; SMR SU26SEU01; SMR SU26SE050; SMR SU26SE051; SMR SU26SE053; SMR SU26SEU01SMR SU26NEU03.
3. Neolithic sites: SMR SU26SW100; SMR SU26SWU01; SMR SU25NE051; SMR SU25NE119; SMR SU25NE120; SMR SU26SE100; SMR SU25NE113; SMR SU25NE114; SMR SU25NE121; SMR SU26SE106; SMR SU25NW101; SMR SU25NE129; SMR SU25NE117; SMR SU25NE118; SMR SU25NE122; SMR SU25NE130; SMRSU25NE128.
4. English Downland by HJ Massingham 1936 Batsford; People of the British Isles project. Sir Walter Bodmer. Hertford College Oxford University; Sir Walter Bodmer's Journey Horizon Channel 4 1994.
5. Sawyer S264 : Cynewulf, king of the Saxons, to Bica, comes and minister; grant of 13 hides at Little Bedwyn, Wilts 788AD.
English Downland by H J Massingham: 1936 Batsford P59: Tow barrow was damaged, allegedly by villagers in mid 18th cenury, searching for grave goods.
J Chandler: Marlborough and Eastern (2001 Wiltshire Hobnob Press). Of Tidcombe barrow, he states: 'the villagers dug a skeleton in 1750. But the vicar, who was apparently paying for the work, called off the excavation because of the expense’; SMR Tow Barrow SU25NE101.
6. Botley Copse Long Barrow; Ring Ditch. According to the English Heritage thesaurus, ring ditches may be the remains of ploughed out round barrows, round houses, or of modern features such as searchlight emplacements. There are searchlight emplacements outside Bedwyn at Rudge.
7. WANHM Causewayed Enclosure at Great Crofton by Roger Palmer 1975 - 6 P124 - 125.
NMR UID 1031054.
8. WANHM Excavation at Crofton causewayed Enclosure by Sue Lobb Volume 88 1995.
9. Savernake Forest A report for the National mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small & Mark Bowden. English Heritage 2009; Causewayed Camps by R.J. Mercer Shire Books.
10. Tor Mead excavation by O Meyrick Marlborough College Natural History Society 1956.
11. The Archaeology of Wiltshire’s Towns An Extensive Urban Survey Great Bedwyn by Phil McMahon Wiltshire County Archaeology Service. August 2004.
12. Wexcombe Down barrow groups. Various excavations in summer of 1914, by OGS Crawford, and E.A. Hooton of Harvard University. The latter removed finds to USA, but little was written up due to outbreak of war.
Nature October 7 1915 A Weekly illustrated Journal of Science: “Dr. E. A. Hooton . . turned his attention to Wexcombe Down, overlooking Salisbury Plain, where nine barrows were opened containing incinerated remains, Bronze Age potsherds, and surface finds of late Celtic and Roman pottery. One large cinerary urn and one La Tene III bronze fibula were found”.
13. WANHM List of Prehistoric, Roman, and Pagan Saxon Antiquities by Reverend E. H. Goddard. Volume XXXVIII 1914 P260. Group of 4 barrows: Barrow with ditch; Disc barrow partially destroyed; Two disc barrows interlinked on boundary, excavated by OGS Crawford in 1913.
14. The Knowle farm barrrows, actually located east of the Golden Arrow cafe, may have have been used to describe the bounds of Bedwyn in 778; Nature October 7 1915 A Weekly illustrated Journal of Science: “Dr. E. A. Hooton . . from Knowle Pit, Savernake, a series of River-drift implements was obtained”.
15. SMR SU26SE153 A Bronze Age collared urn and an incense cup. Batt’s meadow barrow.
16. Botley Copse ring ditch; SMR SU26SE600 Bowl barrow with a cremation excavated by OGS Crawford and HJE Peake in 1910.
17. Botley Copse tumulus complex; SMR SU26SE601 A disc barrow with a primary cremation, a bronze awl and rivet at Great Botley Copse. A intrusive Saxon burial with a spearhead and a buckle.
18. Wexcombe Down linear earthworks; WANHM List of Prehistoric, Roman, and Pagan Saxon Antiquities by Reverend EH Goddard. Volume XXXVIII 1914 P260.
Chapter 4: Chisbury Camp
1. Iron Age by Amanda Chadburn and Mark Corney, Avebury Archaeological; Historical Research Group (AAHRG) February 2001; The Oxford University Celtic Coin Index, 1960, Professor Sheppard Frere and Derek Allen.
2. The Origins and Development of the Small Town of Cunetio, Mildenhall, Wiltshire by Mark Corney, Britannia, Volume 28 1997 P337-350;
Marlborough and Eastern Wiltshire Hobnob Press, 2001 by John Chandler.
3. The Romano-British villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn by Hostetter, Howe and Allison. 1986.
4. Bedwyn Dyke The origins of the Bedwyn dyke are unknown. It is believed by some to be post Roman or Saxon, by others to belong to the Iron Age. Any relationship with the Wansdyke appears to date to be based on extremely slender evidence and much wishful thinking.
5. D.H. Bonney.
6. Hostetter.
7. Botley Copse. The coins have been attributed to reign of Emperor Valens 328 - 378.
8. Durley is an early thirteenth century assart brought into cultivation by the Esturmy wardens, and merged with the manor of Burbage Esturmy.
9. Savernake Forest A report for the National mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden. English Heritage 2009.
10. The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England by Della Hooke 1998; Fairmile Clumps field systems SU25NE634 Located from Fairmile Clumps to Scotspoor Wood. An excavation by P Rhodes in 1952 showed the field system to be later than barrows SU25NE619 620 and earlier than ditch 628.
11. Savernake Forest A report for the National mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden. English Heritage 2009.
12. Savernake Forest A report for the National mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden. English Heritage 2009. Forest Hill oppidum; Marlborough bucket. A burial dated to La Tene III period, a bronze bound wooden bucket discovered in 1807.
Chapter 5: Two Roman Roads
1. The Origins and Development of the Small Town of Cunetio, Mildenhall, Wiltshire by Mark Corney, Britannia, Volume 28 1997 P337 - 350; see also Time Team at Cunetio 2013, Channel 4, with Mark Corney and Stewart Ainsworth.
The Romano-British Villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn edited by Eric Hostetter 1997.
Air Reconnaissance of Southern Britain by JK St. Joseph. J.R.S. xliii 1953 P81 - 97.
2. Savernake Forest A Report for the National Mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden 2009. Forest Hill Oppidum.
Handbook to life in ancient Rome By Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins. Oxford University Press US, 1998. WANHM 2010 Hugh Tolley Roman Road.
3. Roman Roads in Britain by Thomas Coddrington 1905. George Knowles owned Conholt House from 1897 - 1904.
SMR Wiltshire SU35SW301 Conholt Park, Roman Road and Beacon; Itinerarium Provinciarum Antonni Augusti. A late 4th century document which recorded 225 routes in the Roman Empire, including the roads from Silchester and Sarum to Cunetio.
4. Early boundaries in Wessex by Desmond Bonney, Archaeology and the Landscape, 1972, P168 - 186;
WANHM The Anglo-Saxon Bounds of Bedwyn and Burbage by OGS Crawford, 1921, Volume 41 P281 - 301.
5. VCH Forests Mill road so named in thirteenth century in description of bounds of Le Broyle. The name may have been a reference to a mediaeval windmill at Marten.
6. Archaeologia, or, Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity, Volume 1 P58 1779. Letter from William Stukely to Mr Gale November 10 1735.
7. Sawyer S264: Cynewulf, king of the Saxons, to Bica, comes and minister; grant of 13 hides at Little Bedwyn, 778AD.
WANHM The Anglo-Saxon Bounds of Bedwyn and Burbage by OGS Crawford, 1921, Volume 41 P281 - 301.
8. VCH Savernake. Forest road.
9. WANHM Royal Itineraries and Medieval Routes by Norman Hidden Volume 89 1996.
10. And So To Bath Chapter XVII Ramsbury Narrow way by Cecil Roberts 1940.
11. Turnpike Roads around Reading by Alan Rosevear 2004.
12. The Romano-British Villa at Castle Copse, Great Bedwyn edited by Eric Hostetter 1997.
13. WANHM The history of Great Bedwyn by John Ward, 1860 Volume 6, P261 - 316.
14. WANHM A Romano-British pottery in Savernake Forest, kilns 1 - 2 by FK Annable, 1962, Volume 58, P143 - 55.
Oare reconsidered and the origins of Savernake ware in Wiltshire by VG Swan, 1975, Britannia 6, P36 - 61.
15. Savernake Forest A Report for the National Mapping Programme by Simon Crutchley, Fiona Small and Mark Bowden 2009. Many of the kiln sites are believed to have pre-Roman conquest origins, and it is unlikely that the market would have developed so widely and rapidly without being already being established in the late Iron Age. P28 Postern Hill Villa.
16. WANHM The distribution of Savernake ware by Ian Hodder 1974 Volume 69, P67–84; Several centres of production, that is to say Lydiard Tregose, Wilcot, Pewsey, Milton Lilbonne, and Oare also produced Savernake ware. But Cunetio probably was the main distribution centre.
17. VCH Great Bedwyn. Dodsdown Tramway 1902 - 1910 Bricks transported from Dodsdown Brickworks to Grafton station by tram and forwarded by rail to Tidworth garrison.
18. The family memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley, and the antiquarian and other correspondence of William Stukeley by Roger & Samuel Gale, 1882. Letter to Robert Gale July 22 1723.
19. WANHM: A Roman Crossbow found at Southgrove Farm by EH Goddard 1895 Volume XXVIII P87 - 90.
20. SMR Wiltshire MWI18677 - SU26NE303 Rudge Coppice Villa.
VCH Froxfield Parish, Rudge Cup at Manor Farm. See also Archaeologia Vol 8, P98.
SMR Wiltshire MWI18678 - SU26NE304 villa site near Harrow farm.
WANHM A Gold Finger Ring from the Rudge Romano-British Villa site, Froxfield Wiltshire by Bernard Phillips and Martin Henig Volume 93 2000 P240.
21. SMR Wiltshire MWI19752 - SU27SE300 Littlecote Roman Villa.
22. The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England by Della Hooke 1998.
The towns of Wiltshire, in Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England edited by Jeremy Haslam Phillimore 1984 P87 - 148.
23. Wansdyke Reconsidered by A Fox & C Fox. 1960. Archaeological Journal 115, P1 - 48.
24. Roman Wiltshire and after, Papers in Honour of Ken Annable 2001. Wansdyke in the Woods: An Unfinished Roman Military Earthwork for a Non-event by Peter Fowler, P179-198.
Landscape, Settlement and Society in Roman and Early Medieval Wiltshire, British Archaeological Reports, British Series 419, 2006. by Simon Draper.
